Formulary

a non-toxic developer for pinhole camera images that you can make from common kitchen and laundry ingredients. Suitable for science fair projects. Click here.

Protect yourself against the day your favorite film developer becomes unavailable, or difficult to acquire, by learning to mix it from raw chemicals. This is particularly an issue when your favorite developer is not widely stocked by camera stores. Never mixed photo chemicals before? It's neither difficult nor dangerous. For a good start, consult The Darkroom Cookbook (click here).

Important: in the development process, the washing step is often not well understood, yet it is extremely important. Click here for information on how, and why, to thoroughly wash your film with a minimum of water consumption.

 For information on Hübl Paste, click here.

 

H&W Control
This developer, invented by Harold Holden and Arnold Weichert in the late 1960's, was patented in 1973. The patent has expired, and the formula is now in the public domain.
H&W Control was sold in retail stores for several years, but did not receive widespread distribution. Before being commercialized, it was used extensively by the US military for developing surveillance films, the kinds used by top-secret high-altitude aircraft of the day such as the U2. 
Today's Bluefire HR developer is an updated version of H&W Control, reformulated for multi-year shelf life. 
When mixed fresh, the H&W Control formula disclosed here will give you the same sensitometric results as the commercially packaged Bluefire HR. However its shelf life will be six months or less, depending on storage conditions.
Solution A:  
Water 50 ml 
Sodium sulfite 1 g
Hydroquinone 0.16 g
Sodium carbonate 4.6 g
Phenidone 1.1 g
Solution B  
Water 50 ml 
Sodium sulfite 8 g
Add Solution A to Solution B, then add water to make 132 ml of concentrate.  
Phenidone dissolves with difficulty. Use water heated to 55° (130°F). Mix the chemicals in the order shown, and be sure each is completely dissolved before adding the next.
This is a concentrate. To use, add water to make to 2.1 litres of working solution per 132 ml of concentrate (approximate dilution of 1:16). Process at normal development temperatures with intermittent agitation for 14 to 18 minutes. Use working solution once and then discard.

Use with Bluefire Police, microfilms, and Kodak Technical Pan. Gives unacceptably flat images on ordinary films. 

Shelf life of the concentrate is approximately six months in a full, tightly capped glass or PET bottle, less than one week in a partly full bottle. Refrigeration considerably prolongs shelf life. Normal color is pale yellow. Concentrate that has begun turning pink or red is oxidizing and should be discarded.

 

Superlatitude Developer
This developer was disclosed by the prolific photochemist Marilyn Levy in "Wide Latitude Photography," Photographic Science and Engineering v. 11 p. 46 (1967). It grew out of her researches into the problem of capturing wide variances in luminance (i.e., a long gray scale) on hard, thin, high-resolution films. Levy worked at the US Navy's Photo-Optics Technical Area at Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey, and her formula has been published elsewhere as "POTA." Gives images similar to Bluefire HR developer but at significantly lower effective film speed.
Water 750 ml
Sodium sulfite 30.g
Phenidone 1.5g
Water to make 1 litre  
Use water heated to 55° (130°F). Mix the chemicals in the order shown, and be sure the sulfite is completely dissolved before adding the phenidone.
This developer begins to oxidize as soon as it is mixed, so mix it just before use. Designed for developing sheet films processed in trays with brush agitation, but works well in small tanks. Experiment with agitation technique as well as time and temperature if your initial results seem streaked or mottled.

 

Ilford ID-68
One of the best all-round home-mixed developers is Kodak's published formula for D-76, which has the unfortunate property of increasing pH over time. This changes its activity (Kodak's commercially packaged D-76 does not have this flaw).

This Ilford formula works like D-76, but does not change pH over time. Use the same time and temperature regime as you would with D-76, and you will get negatives that are indistinguishable from what D-76 would give you, but with more consistency week after week.

Water 750ml
Sodium sulfite 85 g
Hydroquinone 5 g
Borax 7 g
Boric acid 2 g
Phenidone 0.13 g
Potassium bromide 1 g
water to make one litre  
Use water between approximately 25° and 50° (approximately 75°F and 120°F). Phenidone dissolves more easily in hotter water.  Mix the chemicals in the order shown, and be sure each is completely dissolved before adding the next.

Germain Fine-grain Developer
Originally suggested by Morris Germain in the 1930's, this formula has never been widely used, but it deserves to be.

It has also been posted on the Internet, along with some initial speculation, later abandoned, that it may be the original formula for Harvey's 777 Panthermic, which was introduced commercially in 1938. The speculation was based on this formula's use of 7 grams each of three ingredients. The Internet article is fascinating, and can be seen here: unblinking eye 777 article.

It is not possible for us to know the formulation of Harvey's 777 Panthermic, as originally sold by Defender, later by Dupont, and currently by BPI. That formula was never made public. The powder mixture of 777 Panthermic has a very different appearance from the powders that make up this developer and the 777 definitely contains carbonate, which this does not. This does not detract from the usefulness of Germain's developer. It has a very long shelf life, and gives outstanding images on most black and white films. 

Water 665 ml
Metol
(Metol causes dermatitis in some individuals.)
7 g
Sodium sulfite 70 g
Paraphenylindiamine (base)
(Poisonous. Handle paraphenylindiamine with caution. Causes dermatitis in some individuals. Pronounced staining properties.)
7 g
Glycin 7 g
Water to make 1000 ml
Mix in the order shown, but before adding the metol to the water, mix in a pinch of the sulfite. This prevents the metol from oxidizing immediately. Be sure each chemical is completely dissolved before adding the next.

Developing times vary according to the film you use, and you should experiment with times between about 9 and 18 minutes. Agitate 30 seconds initially, then 10 seconds each minute thereafter.